APPLICATIONS OF ANALOGY COMMUNICATION.

JACKSON ANETH BAPRM 3 REG NO 42565

APPLICATION OF ANALOGY COMMUNICATION.

Analogy Communication is a data transmitting technique in a format that utilizes continuous signals to transmit data including voice, image, video, electrons etc. An analog signal is a variable signal continuous in both time and amplitude which is generally carried by use of modulation. 

Analog circuits do not involve quantization of information unlike the digital circuits and consequently have a primary disadvantage of random variation and signal degradation, particularly resulting in adding noise to the audio or video quality over a distance. 

Data is represented by physical quantities that are added or removed to alter data. Analog transmission is inexpensive and enables information to be transmitted from point-to-point or from one point to many.

 THE FOLLOWING ARE THE APPLICATIONS OF ANALOGY COMMUNICATION.

1. Communication satellite

Acommunications satellite is an artificial satellite stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites use a variety of orbits includinggeostationary orbits,Molniya orbits, otherelliptical orbitsand low polarand non polar Earth orbits.

For fixed point to point services, communications satellites provide amicrowave radio relaytechnology complementary to that of submarine. 

They are also used for mobile applications such as communications to ships, vehicles, planes and hand-held terminals, and for TV and radiobroadcasting, for which application of other technologies, such as cable, is impractical or impossible.

Geostationary orbits

A satellite in ageostationary orbitappears to be in a fixed position to an earth-based observer. A geostationary satellite revolves around the earth at a constant speed once per day over the equator.

The geostationary orbit is useful for communications applications because ground based antennas, which must be directed toward the satellite, can operate effectively without the need for expensive equipment to track the satellite's motion, especially for applications that require a large number of ground antennas such as direct TV distribution.

2. Telecommunications.

Telecommunication is transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose ofcommunication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke,drums,semaphore,flagsorheliograph. In modern times, telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic devices such as the telephone,television,radioor computer.

 Early inventors in the field of telecommunication includeAlexander Graham Bell,Guglielmo MarconiandJohn Logie Baird. Telecommunication is an important part of the world economy and the telecommunication industry's revenue was estimated to be 1.2 trillion in 2006.

Basic elements.

A basic telecommunication system consists of three elements.

• A transmitter that takes informationand converts it to asignal
• A transmission medium that carries the signal and,
• A receiverthat receives the signal and converts it back into usable information.

For example, in a radio broadcast thebroadcast toweris the transmitter,free spaceis the transmission medium and theradiois the receiver. 

Often telecommunication systems are two way with a single device acting as both a transmitter and receiver or transceiver. For example, amobile phone is a transceiver. Telecommunication over a telephone line is calledpoint to point communicationbecause it is between one transmitter and one receiver. 

Telecommunication through radio broadcasts is calledbroadcast communicationbecause it is between one powerful transmitter and numerous receivers.

Telephone.

In an analogue telephone network, thecalleris connected to the person he wants to talk to by switches at varioustelephone exchanges. 

The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the callerdialsthe number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a smallmicrophonein the caller'shandset. 

This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it is transformed back into sound by a smallspeakerin that person's handset. 

There is a separate electrical connection that works in reverse, allowing the users to converse.Thefixed linetelephones in most residential homes are analogue that is, the speaker's voice directly determines the signal's voltage. 

The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side-by-side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long distance communication.

Mobile phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. 

Mobile phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed line subscriptions in many markets.Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as GSM or  WCDMA with many markets choosing to depreciate analogue systems such as AMPS.

3. Fibre optic communication.

Fiber-optic communicationis a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses oflightthrough anoptical fiber. The light forms anelectromagneticcarrier wavethat ismodulatedto carry information. 

First developed in the 1970s, fiber opticcommunication systemshave revolutionized thetelecommunicationsindustry and have played a major role in the advent of theInformation Age. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications incore networksin thedeveloped world.

The process of communicating using fiber-optics involves the following basic steps Creating the optical signal involving the use of a transmitter, relaying the signal along the fiber, ensuring that the signal does not become too distorted or weak, receiving the optical signal, and converting it into an electrical signal.

4. 3G COMMUNICATION.

International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the International Telecommunication Union, which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and CDMA2000 as well as DECT and WiMAX. 

Services include wide area wireless voice telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment. Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates (up to 14.4 Mbits on the downlink and 5.8 Mbits on the uplink with HSPA+). 

Thus, 3G networks enable network operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through improved spectral efficiency. 

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defined the third generation (3G) of mobile telephony standards - IMT-2000 - to facilitate growth, increase bandwidth, and support more diverse applications. 

For example, GSM the current most popular cellular phone standard could deliver not only voice, but also circuit-switched data at download speeds up to 14.4 kbps. But to support mobile multimedia applications, 3G had to deliver packet-switched data with better spectral efficiency, at far greater speeds.

Although analog communication has changed our life but still there are certain advantages and disadvantages of using analog communication